Something I’ve been reading up on lately is the number of Food Additives in various food products. I was curious in the differences in regulations between Canada (where I live), the EU and the USA. I used ChatGPT to compile some data (which I hope is accurate but proceed with caution) and visualized it in…

In this post I’ll show you a Looker Studio dashboard I’ve built that lets you view all of WWE’s pay per view events over the last 40 years. A map showing where WWE pay per view events have taken place over the years. A list showing the date, name, poster, main event, venue, location and…

In this post I’ll show you a data visualization showing all of the Formula 1 Grand Prix that have taken place over the years. I’ve built it in Looker Studio. You’ll be able to filter and view each race that’s taken place; from 1950’s British Grand Prix at Silverstone to the latest races in 2024….

In this blog post I’ll show you how to build a Connection Map in Looker Studio. A Connection Map is a type of Google Map in Looker Studio that allows you to map a line between two points on a map. The Looker Studio Connection Map Below is the Looker Studio Connection Map, it’s best…

All the different sports teams and leagues across the US and Canada had always seemed a bit overwhelming, so I decided to make a report in Looker Studio to visualize which teams from which leagues are in which cities. Hope you enjoy! About the Looker Studio Dashboard I had always thought it would be cool…

Here are some photographs taken in 2016 during a trip to Senegal. https://youtu.be/3PgAu1jOCqM?si=xGVITvu1Fn_4zRho My Other Blog Posts If you enjoyed this post about Senegal photographs you might enjoy my other blog posts.

I have previously compared DALL-E and Midjourney back in 2022, when the technology was still a bit rough and ready. Since both tools have come a long way, I figured it was worth comparing them again in the first quarter of 2024 to see how they stacked up. A bit about DALL-E and Midjourney Both…

I recently released a new Looker Studio dashboard template on ByMarketers which includes Google Analytics, Search Console, Google Ads and YouTube Analytics data. ByMarketers is a site on which you can download many different digital marketing templates & resources. View this Dashboard Template on ByMarketers at this Link. What does ‘Four in One’ mean? This…

I thought I’d share a few examples of how you can use ChatGPT for generating marketing content. In this example a product description and tweets about the product. In the example below I’ve created images in Midjourney, an AI image generator, and then asked Chat GPT to write product descriptions and tweets. You can see…

In this post I’ll be looking at data showing a young Africa and an aging world. The charts are based on World Bank Indicators data/ I used Looker Studio to connect to the dataset in BigQuery and visualized it. Population aged 65 and above as a % of Total Population This map uses the WDI Indicator Population ages 65…

I’ve seen quite a few blogs and videos discussing declining fertility rates and the resulting population decline across the world, so I thought it would be interesting to explore some World Bank data on the topic. These visualizations are based on the Total Fertility Rate metric within the World Bank’s World Development Indicators public data…

In this blog post I’ll explore GDP per capita within the regions of Africa. What is GDP per capita? GDP per capita is a measure that represents the average economic output per person in a country, calculated by dividing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country by its population. Expressed often in current US…

I was interest in exploring some World Bank Indicators data to look at Africa’s changing GDP over time. So I used Looker Studio to connect to the dataset in BigQuery and visualized the data. What is GDP? GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. It’s like the total scorecard of a country’s economy. Imagine you have…

A few years ago I published a blog post analyzing Crime data from the South African Police Service (SAPS) in a blog post. You can read it here. I thought it might be interesting to run the data from Open AI’s ChatGPT and see what it analysis it produces. But first, the Looker Studio Visualization!…

Wanted to show some examples showing the rapid advance of Midjourney in the past couple of years. According to this article by TechFinitive here are the release dates of previous Midjourney interations. VersionRelease Date1February 20222April 20223July 20224November 20225March 20236January 2024 Examples of different Midjourney Versions Let’s look at how each version of Midjourney would create…

There are a lot of different concepts and acronyms within programmatic advertising. I asked OpenAI’s AI-powered language model ChatGPT (Version 4) to list various concepts and terms related to programmatic advertising by letter of the alphabet. Enjoy! Ad Exchange: A technology platform that facilitates the buying and selling of media advertising inventory between advertisers and publishers….

The following post is a collection of answers ChatGPT has provided about Programmatic Advertising. Enjoy! Contents What is Progammatic Advertising?Key Components:Key Processes:Types of Programmatic Deals:Conclusion:What are some of the most important concepts to understand in Programmatic Advertising?What is Real-Time Bidding (RTB) ?What is a Demand-Side Platform (DSP)?How It Works:Key Features:Conclusion:What is a Supply-Side Platform (SSP)?How…

I just wanted to document my first interactions with ChatGPT’s new Code Interpreter. I used a data set from the Toronto Police Service Public Safety Data Portal. This is a screenshot of what the data looks like in the CSV file I downloaded. 1. Describing the Dataset itself I asked the Code Interpreter “Can you…

I decided to ask ChatGPT who it would cast in a hypothetical version of the Matrix made in 1969, and then asked Midjourney to create images based on those choices! https://youtu.be/E0JttGNji3U ChatGPT casting choices for the Matrix made in 1969 Certainly, creating a hypothetical cast for a 1969 version of The Matrix is an exciting…

In this post I’ll share some visualizations of ESKOM Loadshedding data created in Looker Studio (Google Data Studio). Load shedding in South Africa is a method used by the country’s primary power utility, Eskom, to prevent the national electric grid from total collapse. This becomes necessary when the demand for electricity exceeds available supply. The…

In this post I just wanted to show a couple of basic examples of how you can display Google Analytics 4 data using Python. I used a very basic data set of countries and views (pageviews) from my website in Looker Studio. Above: a Choropleth Map made with Python Above: a Bubble Map made with…

I’ve made a YouTube Analytics template for Looker Studio that you can download from the ByMarketers website. I used YouTube Analytics data from my own small channel where I’ve messing around with AI generated images. Here is the link to view the YouTube Analytics template. Screenshots from the YouTube Analytics Report Template Looker Studio Template…

So I decided to see which actors ChatGPT would cast in a hypothetical Dune movie made in 1969! I then used Midjourney to depict the actors as the various characters in the movie made in the 1960s. You can watch a video of the images or scroll down and view them below. Enjoy! I asked…

Experimented with various Midjourney prompts to generate some images of aliens. Using Midjourney Version 5.1 the images are the best yet, and very bright, colourful and detailed. I hope you enjoy them! https://youtu.be/iLkQjZuxMdk My Other Blog Posts

I’ve been using Midjourney V5.1 recently. The results seem a significant improvement from previous versions, and a huge leap from less than a year ago. This post features a collection of futuristic faces. Enjoy! https://youtu.be/RoSROLQkTLw My Other Blog Posts If you liked this post about futuristic faces, you might enjoy my other blog posts!

In this post I wanted to share some cool images Midjourney created recently that I’m grouping under “Science Fiction Concept Art”. If you’d like me to create some images for you feel free to email me at michaelhoweely [at] gmail.com. Here’s a video of the images along with some AI-generated music made using AIVA. https://youtu.be/x7qqZbGuSYA…

I experimented with creating a Midjourney Concept Video based on images based around the idea of a “Brutalist Dystopia”. That is, a dystopia with lots of Brutalist architecture. Below is the video! https://youtu.be/AxyCnkvRRNg Summary from ChatGPT-4 on Brutalist Architecture Brutalist architecture is a style that emerged in the mid-20th century, primarily between the 1950s and…

I was experimenting with the chaos function in Midjourney, and kept repeating the prompt “a sinister being guarding a gateway to another dimension. Cinematic. HD. HR giger. –ar 16:9 –v 5 –c 50” again and again. It created so many interesting and unique images I wanted to share them all in a video below. https://youtu.be/RmERPlfqGgc…

Recently a few people have reached out to me about creating some images using Midjourney for them. I figured I’d share some examples of potential uses of Midjourney for creating photographic images. I’ve shared examples of how you can use an AI image tool like Midjourney to create images that mimic the following types of…

Below is an interactive map showing the top 30 wine farms surrounding. I created it relatively quickly using ChatGPT-4! Step 1: Ask ChatGPT to create a list of wine farms in and around Cape Town I asked it to create a list of the top 30 wine farms in Cape Town and Stellenbosch. I asked…

I wanted to try analyzing Google Analytics data using ChatGPT-4. This is very basic stuff, but wanted to document the first tentative awkward steps in the process. 1. The GA4 Data and the ChatGPT-4 Analysis side by side Below is the GA4 data from Looker Studio. Below is the analysis of this data (the top…

I asked ChatGPT-4 to make a game similar to the famous “Dinosaur Game” that you can play in Google Chrome. Below is the game! Use the W key to make the square jump over the rapidly approaching green blocks! How GPT-4 made the game I what quite a lengthy and involved process to create the…

Midjourney V5 was recently released, and I wanted to compare Version 3 images from August 2022 with images created using the same prompts in March 2023 and see how they compared in terms of realism. For all the images below the first image was created in August 2022 using Midjourney Version 3 and the second…

Lately I’ve been posting several blog posts featuring AI images, so thought I’d do a crossover and post about Looker Studio dashboard designed by AI. In this case I’m using Midjourney, which as improved greatly in the past year. Would you like some human-designed Looker Studio dashboards? If you’d like to take a look at…

I wanted to see how Midjourney V5 would handle simple prompts asking it to recreate some popular movies. The results were pretty good and interesting. I’ve shared the four panel image, and one of the Midjourney Version 5 images I’ve upscaled. For all the images I also included the following as part of the prompt….

Midjourney V5 (Version 5) was recently released and I wanted to test it out. I decided to see how well it could do creating photographs of Cape Town. Midjourney has come a long way since I first used it and the results are becoming more and more impressive. I’ve included photographs of people as well…

I was playing around making 1970s science fiction illustrations in Midjourney using around the theme of “human workers rising up against their cruel robot masters in the far future. 1970s science fiction illustration”. I also thought it would be interesting to compare how ChatGPT 3’s ability to create a plot synopsis compared with the newly…

I decided to see how much I could use simply ChatGPT and Midjourney to create a movie with minimal input from me. For those unfamiliar with them, ChatGPT allows you to create AI-generated text and Midjourney allows you to create AI-generated images. I used the prompt “provide a synopsis for a cyberpunk anime science fiction…

I wanted to experiment with how ChatGPT and Midjourney could be combined to flesh out movie plots and concept art. For those unfamiliar, ChatGPT is a tool that allows you to write a prompt and generate text based on what you requested. It describes itself as “an AI language model developed by OpenAI that is…

In this post I’ll show you how to export your GA4 data to BigQuery and then view it in Looker Studio (formerly Data Studio). 1. Link your BigQuery account to Google Analytics 4 In GA4, go to the Admin section. Then scroll down to the list of Product Links and select BigQuery links. You’ll then…

I’ve enjoyed using Midjourney, a new online AI image generator, for creating images. I enjoy creating images within a particular theme. Last time I created many images within the theme of “Retro Space Travel Photos”. This time the theme is “a 1980s Dystopia”. I started creating images using the following variations of the following prompt:…

I wanted to compare DALL-E 2 vs Midjourney, as Midjourney has recently enabled users to use –test and –testp to upgrade their images and make them much more realistic. Using –test and –testp (test being a more creative improvement and testp leaning towards more photorealistic improvement) and comparing to current DALL-E 2 outputs. So I…

I tried creating some new Midjourney images using their recently released Test options and loved this retro space travel aesthetic that I found. To create them I simply used the prompt “a 1970s spaceship, film grain, 1970s, retro futurism, cinematic, science fiction”. Adding in additional bits of information such as “crew”, “robot”, “cockpit” and more…

On 28 August 2022 Midjourney released some new options for improving image quality that allow you to create much more realistic images. Two new modes were released A general purpose artistic mode you can use by typing –test A photo-realism mode you can use by typing –testp I wanted to share some of them, and…

More images I created using Midjourney. For these images I added –ar 16:9 to to the end of each prompt so that the images would be generated in a 16:9 aspect ratio, the standard ratio for widescreen televisions and most films and TV shows. For some images I also used many different descriptive words. For…

Since I was a teenager I’ve been fascinated by the artwork of H.R. Giger, the Swiss artist who, among many other works, designed the creature (later dubbed “xenomorph”) in the 1979 film Alien. Giger’s unique style featured biomechanical creatures in nightmarish environments. I recently tried out Midjourney, a new tool for creating beautiful (and as…

I recently started creating images with Midjourney, a new online tool that allows you to create images created by Artificial Intelligence. According to their website, Midjourney “is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species. We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human…

I thought I’d add photos from three AI image generators; Craiyon, DALL-E 2 and Midjourney. How they describe themselves; “Craiyon, formerly DALL·E mini, is an AI model that can draw images from any text prompt!” “DALL·E 2 is a new AI system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language….

For those that haven’t tried out DALL-E 2, it’s a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language. You can take a look at some previous posts on the topic Testing out DALL-E 2 More Examples of AI-Generated DALL-E 2 Images Comparing different photo styles…

Wanted to show how DALL-E 2 will create different images based on the same subject matter, depending on what style you add to the prompt. To recap, DALL-E 2 is a new online tool that allows users to generate images from text prompts in a few seconds. They can generate images of the same subject…

Some examples of images created using DALL-E 2, an AI program that can create almost any image from a text prompt.

I was recently granted access to DALL-E 2, the impressive new AI system that can generate images from text prompts. I don’t have anything technical to say about it, I just wanted to share some of the incredible images it has produced. If you’d like to know more about it here are some links; Open…

If you own some cryptocurrencies across multiple exchanges or platforms, you might want a report that shows various cryptocurrency prices in one report. In this article I’ll show you how to build a simple report using Google Sheets and Google Data Studio that allows you to see the latest prices and value of the various…

In this post I’ll show you how to make a simple dashboard that lets you monitor the price of two of the most popular Cryptocurrencies; Bitcoin and Ethereum. All you need is; Google SheetsGoogle Data Studio Below is the actual dashboard. Step 1: Building a Google Sheet for your data So for our Google Sheet…

Have you ever needed to combine string fields in Google Data Studio? I tried to do it the other day and it was more difficult than expected. In this post I’ll show a method that solves how to combine different string fields into one field. This method is from Harry Bryars whom you can follow…

Google Data Studio has always had the ability to add in a comparison column to tables, but not to map out a change in values on a map. Ideally I would want to be able to see which countries have seen the highest rates of growth over a period of time. This is a method…

In this post I’ll compare and contrast some things comparing Cape Town, South Africa with Toronto, Canada! 🇿🇦 🇨🇦 Size According to Google Toronto is 630.2 km² while Cape Town is 2,445 km². In terms of population the City of Cape Town has 3.74 million people living in it while Toronto has 2.73 million people living in it….

So one thing I’ve wanted to do for a while is to determine how many sessions each blog post has had since they were published. Since the URLs of my blog posts contain the date they were published, I tried to work this out using regex and some other methods. It got a bit messy…

In this post I’ll show how you can change Bubble Size and Colour in a Google Map in a Data Studio report. This method using two parameters to let you switch between which metrics are displayed on the map. Below is a video showing what you can do in Google Data Studio. Step 1: Create…

So in this blog post I’ll show how you can combine data from two BigQuery public datasets using SQL and to visualize the data in Data Studio. So let’s say we want to combine data from two different public datasets available in Google BiqQuery; the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Indicators and the World Bank’s…

So something I’ve been interested in doing for a while is mapping Canadian provinces and US states in Google Data Studio. New features added to Google Data Studio have allowed me to do that and I’ll give you a quick overview of how you can build something similar in Data Studio. Below is a video…

In this post I’ll show you a method for how to change Google Map metrics using a Parameter in Google Data Studio. At the time of writing it is not possible to switch between metrics on a Google Map in Data Studio. If you use a Geo Map you can use Optional Metrics to change…

In this post I’ll show a method for using Parameters to change Column Dimensions in Data Studio. Before we begin… Before I begin I need to say that if you are interested in learning more about Parameters in Google Data Studio you read this article: Google Data Studio secondary dimension like inside Google Analytics by Mehdi Oudjida as it…

So in this post I’ll share a method for switching Google Map dimensions using a Parameter in Google Data Studio. Parameters were recently introduced in Data Studio and have many use cases! Before we begin… Before I begin I need to say that if you are interested in learning more about parameters in Data Studio…

In this post I’ll just show two methods for mapping Google Analytics city data in Google Data Studio. Recently Data Studio added Filled Area Google Maps which allow you to view city data by area instead of bubbles. For example here is what Miami and the surrounding suburbs look like when visualizing data using Bubbles….

A recent and very welcome addition to Google Data Studio was option to use Filled Area Google Maps. Previously we were able to use filled area Geo Maps or Bubble Google Maps. In this post I’ll just give a quick overview over some of the ways you can use these new filled area maps. To…

In this post I’ll give an example of how to create a simple Forecast Parameter in Google Data Studio, which recently added Parameters to their product. This is a big improvement, and I’m still figuring out how to use them properly. Below is a video showing how to use the forecasting parameter to adjust values….

I thought I’d put together a blog post comparing Geo Maps and Google Maps and looking at the advantages and disadvantages of both when displaying geographic data in Google Data Studio. Below are two world maps. The one on the left is a Geo Map and the one on the right is a Google Map….

This post is fairly simple and it’s about how to change Individual page sizes in Google Data Studio. How to change the size of a specific page in Google Data Studio So I’ll get to the point. To change the size of a specific page in your Data Studio report click on Page > Current…

In this blog post I just wanted to do something fairly simple and map out the South African diaspora using Google Data Studio. So below is a data visualization showing the number of expat South Africans living in various countries. The data showing the South African diaspora population The data I’m using is from the…

So as someone who has immigrated to Canada through Express Entry myself, I thought it would be interesting to look at Express Entry Immigrants to Canada by Province and Country in a Data Visualization. The Express Entry by Province / Country of Citizenship Data Studio Below is the Google Data Studio report displaying Express Entry…

So in this post I’ll share a Google Data Studio report displaying Crime in South Africa Data. The data source is based on South African Police Service (SAPS) crime statistics for the past ten years. I will be making the dataset available for purchase soon. The Data Studio report showing Crimes in South Africa Data…

In this post I’ll talk about how to create a custom Google Map style in Google Data Studio. Recently the ability to use Google Maps in your reports was added to Data Studio. One of the nice features of this was being able to customize the styles of map you can use. Default Google Map…

In this post I’ll share a report showing Demographic Census data in Google Data Studio. It is from Statistics Canada and the 2016 Census. The Data Studio Report Below is the Google Data Studio report. The data is from Statistic Canada. The Data Source from Statistics Canada The data is available for download as a…

So let’s say you have data sitting in a very big CSV file. What’s the best way to connect it to Google Data Studio? In this post I’ll show you a method of connecting a big CSV file using Google BigQuery and Cloud Storage. So let’s say we have a CSV file that is very…

In this post I wanted to share a Google Data Studio report about comparing Canadian and South African Provinces. It shows various measures such as population, GDP and area. The data is all from Wikipedia. How to use the Google Data Studio report You can use the Optional Metrics button in the top right hand…

Reference Lines in Google Data Studio are a new feature that lets you plot averages, targets and other values against your data in certain charts. I’ll show you a few examples in this blog post. Live Examples of Reference Lines in Google Data Studio So I’ll show you a Google Data Studio report with some…

I wanted to share a Google Data Studio report template for Google Ads data. This template is available for download if you think it’ll be useful for you. The Google Ads report template Below is a live demo of the Data Studio template with sample Google Ads data. Purchase this Google Data Studio Template This…

So in this post I’d just like to share a Google Analytics Goal Conversion Dashboard that is available for download as a Google Data Studio template. But let’s take a look at the actual Dashboard. Google Analytics Goal Conversion Dashboard Here is the Google Analytics Goal Conversion dashboard in Google Data Studio. Purchase this Data…

So in this post I just wanted to share a Google Data Studio report template that lets you look at the connections between countries and search queries. Purchase this Google Data Studio Template This report template is available to purchase and download on the Data Studio Templates website. Below is the report. What can I…

So occasionally I’ll mess around and create random Google Data Studio Templates while drinking. I’ve never known what to do with them but decided I will stick them here. So without further ado… As Above, So Below, Super Mario So further context will be provided. Red Minimalist No further context or explanation will be provided….

So in this post I’ll just run through how you can use Metric Sliders in Google Data Studio to filter values in charts and tables in your reports. So recently Google Data Studio added in a very useful new feature; Metric Sliders. Until now there has not been an easy way to filter the visible…

In this blog post I’ll give an example of how you can combine Data from Google Analytics and Wikipedia in Google Data Studio using Google Sheets. Below is a dashboard showing Google Analytics Users, Population data from Wikipedia, and a custom metric showing the number of Users per Million Population. Why would you want to…

So in this post I’ll show you how to use Google Sheets to pull data from Wikipedia to use in Google Data Studio. The dashboard showing the Top 30 Most-Viewed YouTube videos. Before we start… go follow Ben Collins on Twitter! I wanted to say thank you to Ben Collins, perhaps the most prominent expert…

So I wanted to build a report looking at Political Advertising on Google using the Google Transparency Report BigQuery dataset. It’s an interesting data set showing the vast amounts spent on political advertising. The Google Data Studio report showing Political Advertising in India, the EU / UK and the United States. Below is the Google…

So in the past week Police Brutality has been a major issue in Canada, South Africa and the United States. I thought that some might find it useful to see a data visualization showing Police Brutality by Country. Police Brutality by Country The Data Studio visualization below shows three measures; PopulationPeople Killed by Security ForcesRate…

In this post I’ll share a Data Studio report I made that lets you Compare the Average Monthly Temperatures of Cities around the world. The data is from a Wikipedia article listing cities by the average temperature. It shows the average temperature for the entire year. You can filter by Month of the year to…

So in this post I’ll share a dashboard I made that allows you to compare countries using World Development Indicators from the World Bank. I had previous made a post looking at comparing just Canada and South Africa and wanted to create a compact report that allowed users to compare any countries on any indicator….

So in this blog post I’ll show you how to make a currency exchange rate world map in Google Data Studio using an interactive Google Map.. Below is the dashboard. It shows the exchange of the South African rand (ZAR) against all other currencies worldwide. Please note to view the map you’ll need to open…

In this post I’ll show a way of creating a detailed, custom Google Map in Google Data Studio. So let’s say you have a list of Addresses that you’d like to map out in Data Studio. What are the steps to get this done? I’ll go over how you can do this using Google Sheets,…

Yesterday Google Data Studio launched a cool new feature – Google Maps as a chart type! This is major game changer for Data Studio and opens up a lot of possibilities. There are a lot of BigQuery public datasets featuring geographic data that it was simply not possibly to display on the existing geo maps….

I wanted to build another Coronavirus dashboard in Google Data Studio, this time looking at the number of COVID-19 cases by region of the world. COVID-19 Cases by Region of the World dashboard in Google Data Studio Below is the dashboard showing the number of Coronavirus cases by geographic region. Using the Johns Hopkins University…

In this post I’ll show you a Google Data Studio dashboard I built for Comparing Canada and South Africa using World Development Indicators from the World Bank. I’ve been looking at some different ways of making comparisons between South Africa (where I’m from) and Canada (where I’m currently living). This Google Data Studio dashboard shows…

I wanted to build a dashboard to look specifically and the number of COVID-19 cases in Africa and how it is affecting different countries. Summary of the Charts The main focus of the dashboard is a map of Africa showing confirmed cases / deaths / and the number of deaths relative to the number of…

So in this very important blog post, I’ll show you how to use Meme Reaction GIFs in Google Data Studio reports. Before I start let me take the time to thank Data Studio guru Lee Hurst for his help with this. You can find him on Twitter or visit his website. The Meme Reaction GIF…

In this post I’ll show you how to make a Growth Dashboard for Google Analytics using Google Data Studio. The Growth Dashboard Below is the dashboard for you to take a look at. The adaptive Goal metric in the Time Series Line chart So I’m not going to go into detail about every chart. One…

Since many people are all stuck in Coronavirus lockdowns all over the world at the moment, so I thought I’d have a go at creating a virtual art gallery in Google Data Studio! The Virtual Art Gallery Below, for your enjoyment, is a virtual art gallery! It uses a large public data set from the…

In this dashboard I wanted to show the differences between the number of COVID-19 cases in the United States and Europe. Thanks to Johnny Miller from Unequal Scenes for the suggestion to take a look at the data. At the time of writing it seems that the US and Europe have become the two epicenters…

In this post I’ll show you how to Show Personality Quiz results using a Radar Chart in Google Data Studio. Step 1: Fill in this Personality Quiz So the first thing you should do is fill in this Personality Quiz made using Google Forms. Loading… Step 2: Adding the Quiz responses as a Data Source…